Tracking Tuna

In January 2019, a 612-pound bluefin tuna sold for a record 333.6 million yen ($3 million) at a Tokyo auction celebrating the opening of a new market. Though the price was inflated for the event’s sake, bluefin normally sell for up to $40 per pound, rising to over $200 per pound near the year’s end, especially for valuable catches from specific regions.

David Wells, an associate professor in the Department of Marine Biology at Texas A&M University at Galveston, said it’s crucial to know about the fish’s habit and its breeding grounds.

“Considering their value, popularity with sport fishing in California and events like the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, anthropogenic inputs are important to know and could affect this species in relation to the spawning ground,” Wells said. “It’s important to be able to source the fish arriving at the California coast. Bluefin are prized as the highest quality of sushi grade tuna in the world. They’re in demand all across the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans and people will pay top dollar for them.”

Wells studies the spawning ground of the Pacific bluefin tuna, which is noteworthy due to the fish’s overfished status and popularity in the sport fishing and culinary worlds. Wells’ research, recently published in Biology Letters, focuses on a four-year-long study he led with colleagues from Texas A&M-Galveston, the University of Texas, the National Research Institute of Far Seas Fisheries in Japan and the NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center to better understand the movement and connectivity of the highly migratory species.

The team used ear bones from dead tuna as natural tracers or tags to study the chemistry of the sea water bluefin were occupying during their lives.

“Otoliths, or ear bones, record the chemistry of the sea water that the fish resided in and are also used to age fishes, similar to counting rings along a cross section of a tree,” Wells said.

They are born in one of two spawning grounds in the western Pacific Ocean — the East China Sea or the Sea of Japan. In their first one to two years of life, blue fin tuna migrate across the Pacific to California and spend their first few years feeding in those nutrient-rich waters.

“Basically, that’s where they get fat,” Wells said. “Then as the fish age and reach a size around sexual maturity, we believe they migrate back to the western Pacific and reproduce.”

“We analyzed the chemistry of these ear bones, matching the chemical signatures from fish in the eastern Pacific to the chemical signatures from fish collected from the two spawning grounds in the western Pacific. This allows us to estimate the proportion of fish near California that originated from each spawning ground during each year of the study,” he said.

The next step for their research will be to study adult bluefin tuna and reconstruct its movement patterns throughout the Pacific Ocean using similar techniques this summer.